day by day gum graft surgery healing pictures

day by day gum graft surgery healing pictures

It's used to repair gums that have recessed and have exposed a tooth root. The office is spacious & comfortable. Did you know that the donor site takes longer to heal than the graft itself? @media screen and (min-width: 981px) { var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"post","pagePostType2":"single-post","pageCategory":["dentistry","general-dentistry","oral-health"],"pageAttributes":["gum-graft","gum-graft-healing-stages-toronto","toronto-gum-graft"],"pagePostAuthor":"downtowndentistry"}; Because plasmatic circulation is important to graft survival, pooling of blood sufficient to form a clot at the interface between host and graft tissues will be detrimental to success. Finally, they will place the graft and suture it in place. A peer-reviewed journal that offers evidence-based clinical information and continuing education for dentists. Cost. M. McClain Woolsey, DDS, is in private practice limited to periodontics and implantology in Niceville, Florida. On day 1 post-graft placement, host tissues will exhibit a deep red color (Figure 4), indicating the vascular phase of the inflammatory reaction, with hyperemia and slight stagnation of blood flow into and out of the surgical site. Color Atlas of Dental Medicine: Periodontology - Book by Edith Rateitschak-Pluss and Herbert F. Wolf, The connective tissue graft: a comparative clinical evaluation of wound healing at the palatal donor site. Your periodontist may prescribe antibiotics to control infection. For more details,contact us here. Understanding thegum graft healing stages Torontowill help you feel prepared. There are a few different types of graft procedures. The two main types of gum graft surgeries are the gingival graft and the connective tissue graft, Paulo Camargo, D.D.S., professor and. Want to know if your gum graft is healing properly? Bleeding from the surgical site (especially in the first few days after surgery) Delayed healing (if the graft does not integrate properly) Nerve damage. If you look in the mirror and your teeth appear . He is a diplomate of the American Board of Periodontology. First, your periodontist will recommend a type of graft based on your specific needs and how healthy the soft tissues in your mouth are. Zuhr O, Baumer D, Hurzeler M. The addition of soft tissue replacement grafts in plastic periodontal and implant surgery: critical elements in design and execution. Keep your lips zipped Immediately following gum graft in Toronto, your gums will feel tender. Learn how your comment data is processed. In this regard, the free soft tissue autogenous graft is a long-standing procedure used to achieve several clinical endpoints; these include increasing the width of keratinized and attached gingiva, deepening the facial/buccal vestibular depth, dissipating muscle and frenulum pull, covering exposed root surfaces, and converting a thin periodontal phenotype to a thick phenotype.7,8 Numerous articles regarding surgical techniques and the rationale for use of the free gingival graft have been published;911 papers have also addressed the stages of clinical and histologic healing.1217 However, no article has comprehensively chronicled the day-to-day healing of the free gingival graft. I was apprehensive about my procedure but Dr. Su put me at ease. glass of room-temperature water and rinse with this mixture after every meal or snack. Avoid hard and sticky foods, and keep foods liquid. PMID: 17209793. Simon R. MacNeill, BDS, DDS, is a professor in the Department of Periodontics at UMKC School of Dentistry. This stage takes four to six weeks from surgery. Donna L. Sneddon has been in dentistry for 29 years, serving in a variety of roles in both general dentistry and specialty offices. Journal of Periodontal Research, 3: 84-95. Pinhole gum surgery is a newer alternative to traditional gum graft surgery. ADA CERP does not approve or endorse individual activities or instructors, nor does it imply acceptance of credit hours by boards of dentistry. Day-by-day gum graft surgery healing pictures show the healing process from a gum graft surgery. The cleanings are phenomenal, and the doctors look after the details. The location is easy to find. If you already practice this level of care for your family, your vehicle and home, why wouldn't care even more about your own dental health? If youre experiencing a medical issue, please contact a healthcare professional or dial 911 immediately. While clinicians can find literature explaining surgical grafting technique,18,19 this paper will focus on the progression of healing and correlate its appearance with the histology of the healing wound. Decisions in Dentistry - A peer-reviewed journal that offers evidence-based clinical information and continuing education for dentists. You may receive either a connective tissue, free gingival, or pedicle graft. Your periodontist will ask you to keep the gauze in place for the first 40 to 50 minutes, reducing the risk of bleeding. She can be reached at [emailprotected]. The graft is slipped under the lifted tissue. Usually it is about 2 hours prior to your scheduled . Sullivan HC, Atkins JH. Mller HP, Eger T. Gingival phenotypes in young male adults. The office was clean, rooms were well lit and private. Shrinkage was minimal in the horizontal dimension (mesial-distal). During days 21 through 90 (Figure 10 and Figure 11), the graft will make a transition from reddish-pink to a white-pink color, indicating complete regeneration of the keratinized epithelium. After that time, please add 1 teaspoon of sea salt to an 8-oz. When you get home, you will need to rinse your mouth with an antibacterial mouthwash and avoid brushing the area. Day surgery. (250) 371-7076. function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} Recovery usually takes one week to two weeks, but it may take longer. For the first 24 hours, apply ice to your cheeks every hour for 10 minutes at a time, then repeat. Gum recession is one of those problems that start out slow and small. img#wpstats{display:none} Dr. Su and her team were amazing. If you should have any questions or problems, please call our office anytime. What is gum graft surgery? #page-container { padding-top: 0!important; margin-top: 0!important; } new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], The graft is characterized by a slight degree of edema and a surface layer of opaque desquamating epithelium, with subjacent reddish areas representing subepithelial vascular proliferation.A comparison of the images for days 1 through 6 shows a gradual reduction in epithelial opacity, indicating various degrees of epithelium desquamation. Dont use straws for a few days, to avoid disrupting the sutures (which will dissolve on their own). de Resende DR, Greghi SL, Siqueira AF, Benfatti CA, Damante CA, Zangrando MS. Acellular dermal matrix allograft versus free gingival graft: a histological evaluation and split-mouth randomized clinical trial. For at least two weeks as you recover, hot foods, crunchy and spicy foods, high acidity . Overall an office I would recommend to anyone seeking periodontal treatment. She is professional and patient. You need to wait at least 3 months after your failed gum graft to make sure the tissues have properly healed and matured after your initial surgery. Care partner/visitor: Patients may have one care partner accompany them. Describe the clinical presentation of the wound during various stages of free gingival graft healing. Various grafting procedures have been used to convert a thin periodontal phenotype to a thick phenotype. A free-gingival graft is another option, for patients with thinner gums. Alternatively, your periodontist may recommend using donor tissue from a tissue bank if the soft tissues in your mouth are too thin, or if you need multiple gum grafts. We are closed on statutory holidays and weekends. I would like to recommend her to any friend who is looking for good periodontist. University & Dundas, Toronto, Ontario Its a gradual process, and many people may not notice it right away. There will be very little sensation associated with suture removal and requires no anaesthesia. Kim DM, Bassir SH, Nguyen TT. is here to help at every stage of healing. Staffileno H, Levy S. Histologic and clinical study of mucosal transplants in dogs. This clinical chronicle demonstrates the day-to-day healing of a free gingival graft, and correlates the visual presentation with the histology of the healing wound. window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; In the case presented here, a comparison of measurements taken of the day 1 graft versus the day 90 healed graft indicates minimal contraction in the horizontal dimension ( 5%), but moderate contraction ( 23%) in the vertical dimension. Belmont Publications, Inc. presents Decisions CE. FromDecisions in Dentistry. Youll need to keep the area clean, and your doctor may prescribe a mouthwash to prevent infection, sometimes along with an oral antibiotic. Documentation of day-to-day healing allows clinicians to differentiate normal healing from necrosis and graft failure. See our complete guide to gum grafting costs. Swish gently for 30 seconds and spit. I never hesitate to recommend Periodontal Associates. Zinc-rich foods: Zinc is necessary for tissue repair and aids in wound healing. They made the procedure feel much simpler that it was and I felt completely comfortable. Although you cannot brush the grafted teeth, you may dip a Q-Tip in warm salt water, and swab the teeth. Zinc-rich foods include beef, pork, and pumpkin seeds. 438 University Ave., Suite 1800 Maturation is still in progress. Collectively, these features are important in the maintenance of periodontal health.22. Staffileno et al15 reported a 20% decrease in graft size as early as three days postsurgery. Excellent customer service and friendly atmosphere. (647) 360-6650 Gum graft surgery varies in price. Later Stage (4-6 weeks postoperation ) Assess root coverage for CTG (may achieve partial coverage of exposed root surface). Many insurances . Finally, if you are concerned about costs, they can help with payment plans, as many others won't. S. Williams, Mississauga, ON. Such root-bone architecture can be verified by cross-sectional cone beam computed tomography, but is usually clinically evident. Don't rinse your mouth or spit vigorously. In the case presented here, a free gingival graft was chosen to accomplish the goals of therapy with the least risk of failure. Do not touch the graft with your toothbrush or tongue yet. Identify the most critical postsurgical time period for a free gingival graft. Doing a happy dance! Follow up visits are scheduled for: 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 1 year post-op. I would recommend this place. The formal continuing education programs of this program provider are accepted by the AGD for Fellowship/Mastership and membership maintenance credit. One edge of the flap (called a pedicle) remains attached, while the flap is stretched over the exposed root and sewn into place. I am always greeted by name and never have I had to wait longer than my scheduled appointment time. Drink carbonated water daily. One concern is the healing process. Part II. Pasquinelli KL. Take the pain medications as prescribed by your dentist, Apply cold compresses for the first 24 hours to reduce swelling in the following days, Take a good rest and avoid strenuous exercises, Do not rinse your mouth or drink through a straw for the first 24 hours, Stick to a soft diet and avoid solid, hot, or spicy foods, Do not smoke, especially during the first week, Do not touch the wound with your tongue or fingers. pictures of failed gum grafts. This minimally invasive technique involves making pinhole-size incisions in the gums and releasing soft tissue, to extend the gum coverage over areas of exposed root. The hygiene staff are thorough and comprehensive in their treatments. After that first week, most of the pain and swelling should start to go down. Preventative care helps to reduce future costs gtag('config', 'UA-45985382-4' , {'allow_display_features': false,}); Dr. Amelia Chan & Associates A picture can serve as your reference to see whether your bone graft is healing or not. This can cause damage to supporting bone. and Tatakis, D.N. Kim DM, Neiva R. Periodontal soft tissue non-root coverage procedures: a systematic review from the AAP regeneration workshop. A pedicle graft takes a flap of tissue from the gum around or near the area in need of repair rather than the roof of the mouth. What Its Really Like to Get Dental Veneers, 8 Ways to Take Care of Your Teeth When You Cant See a Dentist. The hygienists are really nice and personable but Dr Gerczuk is far from that. Dr. Elly Tehrani, a Toronto periodontist, says: As the situation worsens, the cost and complexity of treatments to treat or replace teeth increases.. A typical patient with a thin periodontal phenotype overlying the mandibular central incisors is depicted in Figure 1. You can trust RealSelf content to be unbiased and medically accurate. Resume your normal oral hygiene routine, but be gentle at first. Gum graft surgery can be performed on one tooth or multiple teeth, and may help reduce tooth sensitivity and improve the aesthetics of your smile. Keerthana Satheesh, DDS, MS, is a full-time faculty member at the University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Dentistry, where she chairs the periodontics department. The first stage of healing stops the bleeding by forming a blood clot, also known as a thrombus. Typically, a gum graft takes tissue from the roof of the mouth and attaches it to the gumline, but there are other options. liza soberano and enrique gil married; single family homes for sale in sumter, sc Your mouth may be numb for a few hours following gum graft surgery. Contact a periodontist, if required, to advise about your and the patient's concerns. At this time, new vessels start to form, which bring blood supply to the tissue. The Surgical Suite at GBGH operates for booked surgeries Monday to Friday 7 - 3, but is available 24/7 for emergencies. You will need to make a few modifications to your daily habits as you heal from gum graft surgery. " In terms of eating normally after gum grafting, a liquid diet is recommended for the first few days post-op. by | town of hammonton tax portal | town of hammonton tax portal To prevent further bleeding, dont drink with a straw and spit for the next 24 hours. A preliminary study, Complications of free grafts of masticatory mucosa, Postoperative complications following gingival augmentation procedures. In this office, they always have a doctor on call. I would highly recommend this very professional office. This healing process includes four main stages: Hemostasis. Use antiseptic mouthwash as prescribed by your dentist. There are restrictions on food and drink in the weeks following treatment. Your sutures will be removed at the 1 month post-op visit. Contact Periodontal Associates today. They always make me feel comfortable. People getting gum grafts will be able to go home right away afte r the procedure. We prepare patients who have been booked for elective surgery, including same-day discharges and those admitted to inpatient surgery post-operatively. Very friendly and caring. :). #main-header, #top-header { display: none!important; } The staff was great and made every effort to ensure I understood the proposed care plan, Went for a consultation this morning after avoiding this for years. Two stitches are placed on the roof of the mouth and two are placed to attach the graft. It can also improve the appearance of your smile. Again, according to Sullivan and Atkins,17 a thick donor tissue procured from the palate generally contains some elastic connective tissue fibers and, when severed from the donor site, it may contract as much as 43%. Fabulous experience! After about a week, your clot should be formed and stable. He is very personable and was able to address the concerns that kept me from coming in sooner. I have a terrible fear of any kind of dental work due to a few very bad experiences. For pedicle grafts, your dentist will take tissue from the gum or near the tooth that requires the repair. It occurs when the tissue surrounding the teeth pulls away, leaving the root exposed. Miller PD Jr. Root coverage with the free gingival graft. Sometimes, dentists and patients decide to use graft material from a tissue bank instead of removing tissue from the palate. Our day surgery unit is open weekdays from 6 am to 9 pm and later if required. The effect of cicatrization depends on the thickness of the donor tissue lamina propria and rigidity of the recipient bed. Congratulations to Sue as well (the office manager) for always ensuring the office is run at highest standards and making sure patients feel welcome and taken care of. However, call your dentist if you notice the following signs: Increasing pain that gets worse and worse. 2-3 Days After Tooth Extraction. The doctor was able to solve a problem that had been bothering me for weeks in literally two minutes. You will know that the graft is healing when the swelling subsides and the soft tissues are shrinking. Secondary contraction occurs during healing, a result of cicatrization. St Patrick Station, Toronto, by downtowndentistry | Mar 7, 2019 | Dentistry, General Dentistry, Oral Health. After the procedure is complete, you may want to get a drive home as you'd be under the effect of medications. The type of gum graft you receive will impact the healing process. Gordon HP, Sullivan HC, Atkins JH. 2006 Dec;77(12):2070-9. doi: 10.1902/jop.2006.050296. A comparison of the graft in Figure 3 and Figure 12 shows 10% shrinkage in the coronal-apical dimension. The service was appropriate for my needs and the experience not as scary as I had envisioned. It can also improve the appearance of your smile. Recovery Time and Care. Given the nonelastic character of thin mucosa and lack of facial bone, a mucoperiosteal flap reflection to accommodate a CTG was considered a risky procedure subject to further tissue loss and an increased chance of failure. Doctors are diligent, skillful and professional. Are you headed for gum grafting, or did you recently undergo one in Oakville? New bone formation really doesn't start to begin until the end of the first week post-op. Figure 2 shows the prepared recipient site, achieved by a split-thickness incision, allowing for periosteum retention over the root surfaces. In this article, our periodontists talk about the stages of healing from a gum graft, and what you can do to manage post-op symptoms to ensure a successful surgery. The lip pulls at the gum line hundreds of times a day, every time you speak, smile, or eat. Again, this avoids using tissue from the palate. Our team at. The appointments are on time and they always follow up to make sure all is well. This result is similar to the 12% shrinkage in the horizontal dimension reported by de Resende et al.21, The primary clinical traits that determine periodontal phenotype are gingival thickness, keratinized tissue width and bone morphotype. Please check your email and click the confirmation button so we can send you your free blood pressure table! The wound on thepalateheals slightly slower than the gum graft. Free autogenous gingival grafts. Gum Graft Before & After Pictures - RealSelf Home Photos Gum Graft Photos Gum Graft Photos Browse Gum Graft before & after photos shared by doctors on RealSelf. I have my regular maintenance and treatments at this office for over 40 years. But, the other factor is you and what you do during recovery. Journal of Periodontology, 81: 692-701. Gum grafting is a type of periodontal surgery. Finally, to ensure a smooth recovery, you will need to maintain a healthy lifestyle and avoid disturbing the graft. Healing of the Gums Healing starts with the soft tissue shrinking and the swelling going down. Note that even at this point the graft tissue exhibits a pale color due to loss of blood supply. I had 8 gum grafts done which was an overwhelming concept for me. The first week after the procedure is going to be the toughest. A warm thank you the team of Dr. Mohamed and assistant Lori for providing all the ingredients for a successful, long-term patient-medical staff relationship: high professionalism, great talent and dedication, compassion and a fun relaxing atmosphere, and many more. There are multiple options for converting a thin periodontal phenotype to a thick phenotype, including free gingival graft, subepithelial connective tissue graft (CTG), and coronally positioned flaps combined with autogenous, allogenic or xenograft augmentation. LANAP laser periodontal therapy is another less invasive, less painful procedure that corrects gum recession with an FDA-cleared laser. I had 8 gum grafts done so it was a big job, but they made it seem easy. By day 13, graft and host tissues at the inferior border will be fused. function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}gtag('js', new Date()); A periodontist will discuss all the aftercare instructions to ensure the graft heals successfully. Then, they will cut a piece of tissue from the roof of the mouth or the adjacent gums for the graft. Indeed, excellent support for a dental implant. Vitamin K-rich foods: Vitamin K is required for blood clotting and can aid in healing. What happens during every day or week that youre recovering? At this stage, your tooth socket should not actively bleed. But somewhere between finding out its long-term benefits and how long the affected area heals, you may start to have second thoughts. After the first 24 hours, it is okay for you to rinse your mouth using salt water (make sure you use warm water). A connective-tissue graft is the most common. 2023 - Decisions in Dentistry All Rights Reserved. You can always reattempt to have your gum graft redone. For patients (as well as providers not familiar with the healing process), the graft can appear to have failed during the first few days postsurgery. pictures of failed gum grafts. Wounds inside the mouth heal essentially the same way as wounds on any other part of the body. For a day or two after your procedure, eat soft foods and liquids, avoid chewing on the side of your mouth with the graft, and dont eat anything hot, spicy, or acidic, including coffee or citrus juice. Long-term outcomes of untreated buccal gingival recessions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Avoid smoking during recovery to ensure a good blood flow. Chambrone L, Tatakis DN. I. This procedure also takes tissue from the roof of the mouth, but tissue is removed directly from the roof of the mouth (rather than from under a flap) and attached, to cover the exposed root. Ask our periodontists in Oakville. ADA CERP is a service of the American Dental Association to assist dental professionals in identifying quality providers of continuing dental education. Once your surgery is booked, you will be scheduled for a Pre-Op Clinic appointment (2-3 weeks before your scheduled surgery). After all, gum grafting is a surgical procedure. Within a few hours, your palate might feel sore, red, and swollen, and you could start to feel some pain or burning as the numbing effect wears off. Jepsen S, Caton JG, Jasim M, et al. Do this gently as it can dislodge the blood clot and prolong healing time. Approval does not imply acceptance by a state or provincial board of dentistry or AGD endorsement. Get the Tooth Life Daily newsletter for oral health tips, informations, wellness updates and more. It will be enough to keep the implants stable and secured. His skills as a trustworthy periodontist are by far superior in the profession. This can cause irritation of the gum line and gum loss with root exposure. Gum graft surgery (also called a gingival graft or periodontal surgery) covers exposed tooth roots caused by receding gums. 10-Year Follow-Up on Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Restorations, Role of Maternal Oral Health On Fetal Development, Evidence-Based Remineralization Therapies, Attachment Selection for Implant-Supported Overdentures, Oral Care for Patients With Alzheimers Disease. However, islands of persistent inflammation involving the marginal gingivae may continue up to day 21. They vary based on where the tissue was taken fromwhether the surface of the roof of the mouth or tissue underneath it, or gum tissue adjacent to the treatment area. Effect of gingival phenotype on the maintenance of periodontal health: Hwang D, Wang HL. Do this after meals and after removing your appliance. Before your gums return to their normal appearance, the healing process goes through several stages: 1. What are the different healing stages of a gum graft? The surrounding host tissues exhibit a progressive decrease in the inflammatory response. '+'js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); Good news: we have the answers for you. dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content ); The relationship between success of free gingival grafts and transplant thickness. Mormann W, Schaer F, Firestone AR. According to Sullivan and Atkins,17 graft thickness determines behavior during healing, as well as its ultimate character. Possible complications of a gingival graft: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12423299/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17209793/, Gum Graft Surgery: Techniques, Pros & Cons, and Recovery. Periodontal phenotype has been proposed to replace the term gingival biotype.2 By definition, biotype is genetically predetermined and cannot be modified by clinical interventions.2 In contrast, periodontal phenotype can be changed by surgical intervention, relying primarily on soft and/or hard tissue augmentation, such as a free gingival graft. I would highly recommend Dr. Su and the supporting staff. Click here for our refund/cancellation policy. The current term of approval extends from 7/1/2021-6/30/2023. Flap thickness as a predictor of root coverage: a systematic review. Gum grafting covers exposed teeth roots and adds volume to your gum line, improving overall oral health. The persistent gingival margin inflammation seen in this case was likely the result of inadequate oral hygiene (Figure 10). Usually, discomfort ceases after around 14 days, when the skin over the removal site has thickened sufficiently. Our team at Periodontal Associates is here to help at every stage of healing. The best cleanings I have ever had. Your dentist may have given you . Journal of Periodontology, 58: 674-681. " Gum grafts decrease sensitivity to hot and cold food and drinks. Continue to take your pain medication as directed. J Periodontol. For the first 24 hours after your gum graft surgery, during your gum graft surgery recovery, you should not rinse your mouth at all. based on your specific needs and how healthy the soft tissues in your mouth are. III. In addition, expert preventive care knowlege to help you care for your mouth is provided. A gum graft (also known as a gingival graft or periodontal plastic surgery), is a collective name for surgical periodontal procedures that aim to cover an exposed tooth root surface with grafted oral tissue. })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-M6HPNKH'); Mlinek A, Smukler H, Buchner A. This area is sutured closed. II. Gum surgery protects teeth from the damaging effects of gum recession. She is the lead surgical assistant in M. McClain Woolseys, DDS, private practice. The sooner you see a periodontist in Oakville, the higher your chances of getting it treated. Your email address will not be published. Gum. ? Healing Progression of the Free Gingival Graft, A thorough understanding of root resorption will h, The Michigan Department of Health and Human Servic, In this episode of The Art of Dental Finance and M, The federal public health emergency issued in resp, Utilizing three-dimensional printing, thermoformed, The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a c. Discuss the concept of periodontal phenotypes, and clinical uses for free gingival grafting procedures. I highly recommend Dr. Su - she is the best! PA must be very fortunate to have them, and patients should be assured they are in excellent hands. Your gums are receding if they look like they have pulled back and exposed more of your teeth. A truly unique experience that is worth going back to. (647) 360-6650, 438 University Ave., Suite 1800 Toronto, Ontario, Canada. A welcoming professional environment. At your Pre-Op Clinic appointment a nurse will meet with you and provide you with the necessary . Tuesday: 8:00am 6:00pm It usually takes 3 to 4 days for the swelling to subside. The dental specialists and hygienists have all shown an exceptional level of not only the highest technical standards, but true caring about their patients needs and comfort. Also, keep your head elevated when lying down. Regenerative Procedures Your periodontist may recommend a regenerative procedure when the bone supporting your teeth has been destroyed due to periodontal disease. I have gone to this periodontal clinic for over 10 years. Are you headed for gum grafting, or did you recently undergo one in Oakville? The hygienist will give you more education and tips on your first visit than you will ever get at a regular dental. For starters, you will need to stick to soft foods for a few weeks and your oral hygiene routine will need to be tweaked to accommodate your new surgery site. Start or continue to use antibacterial mouth rinse for 7-10 days (chlorhexidine 0.12%). Do not drink any acidic fruit juice or sodas, and don't use a straw for several days. Use a saltwater rinse (1/2 teaspoon for 1 cup). During the two stages, both sites need to heal properly in order for your gum grafting to be successful. Your periodontist will also advise you to avoid brushing the area, so you will have to rinse with a mouthwash.

Australian Shepherd Breeders Northern California, Articles D